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10 Strategic Steps to Reducing Your Energy Costs

Swanson, G. A.; Haley, M. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2005)

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Abstract:

If your company is looking at energy management as part of its overall strategy to reduce costs and improve profits, it is not alone. While energy prices have increased at a shocking rate, so has interest in environmental responsibility. Progressive organizations are exploring ways to conserve energy and reduce greenhouse gases. Some are even creating new positions for these issues, placing someone in charge of corporate social responsibility (CSR). The CSR's job is to help a company be more socially responsible and reduce harmful emissions. Energy management can accomplish both conservation and emission goals- plus, it lowers utility costs and strengthens your bottom line! In the past, reasonably priced energy made it difficult to justify new conservation projects. It was hard to meet the standard criteria of 2-3 years payback. However, natural gas prices have tripled in the last five years from $2 to over $6 per Dekatherm (Dth). Electric prices also have increased dramatically-by more than 100% in some parts of the country. These increased energy costs have made conservation projects more desirable. A natural gas improvement project that had a six-year payback five years ago may have less than a two-year payback today. New technologies also have helped drive down the payback of projects and opened up new areas for potential savings. The following paper looks at how the new market offers opportunities to reduce overall energy costs.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5605

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IE-05-05-44.pdf (365.0Kb)

The 2005 Solar D House

Garrison, M. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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URI: http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/4653

Files in this item: 1

ESL-HH-06-07-16.pdf (624.6Kb)
Above Code: What does that mean?

Muns, S. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), December 2007)

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URI: http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/6303

Files in this item: 1

ESL-HH-07-12-07.pdf (4.007Mb)

Absorption Cooling Optimizes Thermal Design for Cogeneration

Hufford, P. E. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 1986)

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Abstract:

Contrary to popular concept, in most cases, thermal energy is the real VALUE in cogeneration and not the electricity. The proper consideration of the thermal demands is equal to or more important than the electrical demands. High efficiency two-stage absorption chillers of the type used at Rice University Cogen Plant offer the most attractive utilization of recoverable thermal energy. With a coefficient of performance (COP) up to 1.25, the two-stage, parallel flow absorption chiller can offer over fifty (50) percent more useful thermal energy from the same waste heat source--gas turbine exhaust, I.C. engine exhaust and jacketwater, incinerator exhaust, or steam turbine extraction.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/6875

Files in this item: 1

ESL-HH-86-11-16.pdf (374.0Kb)

Accounting for the Occupancy Variable in Inverse Building Energy Baselining Models

Claridge, D. E. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2001)

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Abstract:

The occupancy factor is often underestimated in inverse modeling of building energy use, or accounted for by grouping the daily data in occupied and unoccupied groups which are modeled separately. For instance, in institutional buildings it is common to identify "weekdays/weekends", "semester breaks", and "holidays" daytypes. In order to develop one model that accounts for all periods, i.e., occupied and unoccupied, at an hourly time scale, a dummy variable (regressor) can be used. The dummy variable is often used in a simplified way; for instance, having a value of 0 between 8:00 AM and 5:00 PM, and 1 between 5:00 PM and 8:00 AM, for an office building. In this paper, the effect of using different alternatives in accounting for the occupancy variable in inverse modeling of building energy use is investigated, and the resulting uncertainty in the predictions, using the SMLP inverse method are presented.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5161

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-01-07-29.pdf (559.7Kb)

Achieving Airtight Ducts in Manufactured Housing

McIlvaine, J.; Beal, D.; Moyer, N.; Chasar, D.; Chandra, S. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2004)

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Abstract:

This Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) study, conducted under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy's Building America Industrialized Housing Partnership (BAIHP), compares mastic sealed duct systems to tape sealed systems by showing measured total duct leakage (CFM25TOTAL and QnTOTAL) and/or measured leakage to the outside (CFM25OUT and QnOUT) in 190 manufactured home floors or home sections. All manufacturers were considering or actively working toward achieving duct leakage below 3% of the conditioned floor area (QnOUT=0.03), consistent with Energy Star Manufactured Homes criteria. Previous field tests suggest that CFM25OUT accounts for about half of CFM25TOTAL. These data show that achieving CFM25TOTAL=6% during production was generally correlated with achieving CFM25OUT=3% in mastic sealed systems, but less reliably with taped systems. Cost for achieving duct tightness goals range from $4 to $8 including duct testing on the assembly line

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/4608

Files in this item: 1

ESL-HH-04-05-10.pdf (459.2Kb)

Achieving Better Building Performance and Savings Using Optimal Control Strategies

Chen, H.; Deng, S.; Bruner, H. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2003)

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Abstract:

The Continuous Commissioning (CCSM) process has become a very important energy conservation topic for new and existing commercial buildings. This process can yield substantial operating savings, improved indoor air quality, and enhanced occupant comfort. It also provides solutions to reoccurring building maintenance problems. One tool that can be implemented during commissioning work is a nearoptimal global set point method in an Energy Management Control System (EMCS) Direct Digital Controller (DDC). This algorithm is based on mathematical models for the chillers, boilers, chilled and hot water pumps, and air handler fans that relate the power of these components as a function of the chilled water and hot water differential temperature. The algorithm will minimize the total plant power consumption. These optimal control strategies make the CC process more effective. The Texas A&M University Systems State Headquarters is an office building, with a total floor area of approximately 123,960 ft2. An integrated commissioning of the HVAC systems was performed for this building. This paper describes the commissioning activities and demonstrates how newly developed optimized control strategies improved the building comfort conditions and reduced utility costs during and after the commissioning period.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5200

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-03-10-08.pdf (905.6Kb)

Achieving High Chilled Water Delta T Without Blending Station

Wang, Z.; Wang, G.; Xu, K.; Yu, Y.; Liu, M. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2007)

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Abstract:

Typically a blending station is designed to ensure that its user is able to avoid low chilled water return temperature in the district cooling system. When the chilled water return temperature drops to a low limit, building return water is blended into building supply water to reduce primary chilled water flow and finally increase building chilled water return. However, the blending station will cause extra pump power and may cause humidity and temperature issues. Theoretical analysis has been conducted on the blending station performance. The results show that the blending station is not necessary in the building chilled water systems with 2-way modulation valves at end users. Actually the end user valve configuration and control mainly impacts building chilled water temperature. As soon as the water flow control is improved, the chilled water return temperature can be controlled without the blending stations. This paper presents actual system operation data and optimal control measures at three buildings which receive chilled water from a district cooling system.

URI:

http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/6225

Files in this item: 2

ESL-IC-07-11-26a.pdf (358.8Kb)

(more files)

Active Humidity Control Through Gas-Fired Desiccant Humidity Pump

Novosel, D.; Griffiths, W. C. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 1988)

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Abstract:

High equipment first cost and high operating costs, if electricity is used to drive such a system, have prohibited the application of active humidity control equipment in comfort conditioning in the past. Instead, passive techniques have been applied. A comparison of passive capacity control methods to control humidity shows that only the combined face and bypass and variable air volume system shows improved performance with respect to space humidity control, dew point depression, and response to perturbations. A gas-fired desiccant humidity pump will provide economical humidity control in existing and new construction using VAV or constant volume air distribution systems. The humidity pump is designed as a packaged make-up air module. It is coupled to new or existing conventional air-conditioning system via a duct. It consists of a triple integrated heat-exchanger combining (liquid) desiccant dehumidification with indirect evaporative cooling, a brine interchanger, and a gas-fired brine heater to regenerate the desiccant. Field experiments of two humidity pumps on existing commercial buildings have been initiated. Each system dehumidifies 5000 scfm of make-up air to meet all the latent loads, which is then fed to conventional, electric-driven HVAC equipment which meet all the sensible loads.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/6527

Files in this item: 1

ESL-HH-88-09-24.pdf (467.3Kb)

Activities of Building Commissioning in Japan

Yanagihara, R. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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URI: http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5490

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-327.pdf (739.4Kb)
Advanced Control Technologies and Strategies Linking Demand Response and Energy Efficiency

Kiliccote, S.; Piette, M. A. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2005)

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URI: http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5150

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-05-10-53.pdf (1.209Mb)

An Advanced Economizer Controller for Dual Duct Air Handling Systems - with a Case Application

Liu, M.; Claridge, D. E. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 1996)

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Abstract:

Heating penalty is expected when economizers are applied to dual-duct air handling systems. The heating penalty can even be higher than the cooling savings when the hot air flow is higher than the cold air flow. To avoid the excessive heating penalty, advanced economizers are developed in this paper. The application of the advanced economizer has resulted in $7,00O/yr savings in one 95,000 ft2 school building since 1993. The impacts of cold and hot deck settings on the energy consumption are also discussed.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/6681

Files in this item: 1

ESL-HH-96-05-19.pdf (502.6Kb)

Advanced Open-Cycle Desiccant Cooling System

Ko, Y. J.; Charoensupaya, D.; Lavan, Z. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 1989)

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Abstract:

The concept of staged regeneration as means of improving the desiccant cooling system performance is the subject of investigation in this study. In the staged regeneration, the regeneration section of desiccant dehumidifier is divided into two parts and only the latter fraction is subjected to the desorption air stream which has been heated to the desired regeneration temperature. In the present work, the mathematical model describing the heat and mass transfer processes that occur during sorption of moisture in the desiccnnt dehumidifier includes both the gas-side (film) and solid-side resistances for heat and mass transports. The moisture diffusion in the desiccant material is expressed by gas-phase diffusion and surface diffusion. Effects of several parameters on the performance of desiccant cooling system with staged regeneration are investigated and the results of present model are compared with those of the lumped-resistance model. Results of this study show that coefficient of perfomnnce of the desiccant cooling system can be substantially improved by using the staged regeneration concept. There is an optimum stage fraction and optimum cycle time for given system parmeters and operating conditions. The results also indicate that the cooling system performance is higher than that predicted by the lumped-resistance model.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/6568

Files in this item: 1

ESL-HH-89-10-07.pdf (545.5Kb)

Advanced Powerhouse Controls Save Pulp Mill $500 in Purchased Energy in First Month

Morrison, R.; Hilder, S. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2004)

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Abstract:	This case study describes the application of advanced regulatory and supervisory controls to powerhouse operations at a large pulp mill in central British Columbia. Substantial reductions in mill operating costs were achieved by actively managing boiler a
URI:	http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/6050

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IE-04-04-06.pdf (643.0Kb)

An Advanced Solar-Powered Rotary Solid Adsorption Refrigerator with High Performance

Zheng, A.; Gu, J. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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Abstract:

In this paper, according to practical consideration, a new solar powered rotary solid adsorption refrigerator system adopting activated carbon fibre + ethanol as its adsorption pair has been designed with higher performance. Moreover, the principle of the refrigeration cycle, different components of the machine, selection of working pairs and feasible theory analysis of the refrigeration system all have been presented in detail. In addition, it shows that the new refrigerator has many great advantages including a simple structure, fast refrigeration, higher thermodynamic coefficient, friendly to the atmospheric environment, etc. This paper explains that the refrigerating process is constant, which has a promising potential for competing the 'intermittent' cycle reported before. Through improving the refrigerant performance of heat and mass transfer in the adsorbent bed, the refrigeration cycle has been advanced from the aspect of utilization of the thermal energy from low-temperature level resources. In addition, it is shown that the commercial solar powered refrigerator will be existent in the near future.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5445

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-287.pdf (476.6Kb)

Advanced Technology for Economical Dehumidification to Improve Indoor Air Quality

Beckwith, W. R. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 1996)

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Abstract:

High humidity can have a detrimental effect on many aspects of indoor environments. Building materials, books, and records deteriorate more rapidly in humidity levels above 60% due to biodegradation. High humidity increases electrical costs by reducing the temperature required for occupant comfort. Fungal growth in humidities above 70% can have many detrimental health effects, depending on the particular species encountered [5,1]. In fact, high humidity is often an underlying cause of many air quality disorders that result in indoor air quality (IAQ) problems.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/6680

Files in this item: 1

ESL-HH-96-05-18.pdf (602.8Kb)

Advance of Systematic Design Methods on Fuzzy Control

Zhang, J.; Chen, Y. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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Abstract:

The heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system possesses some characteristics such as multi-parameters, nonlinear, and coupled parameters. Aimed at control problems, the author targets real-time fuzzy control and research systematically via the fuzzification method, fuzzy inference method, fuzzy control rules online obtaining and optimizing method, self-organizing fuzzy control method, and fuzzy predictive control of a time-delayed process. This paper will briefly introduce previous research results.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5297

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-153.pdf (360.7Kb)

Advances in the Research of Heat Pump Water Heaters

Shan, S.; Wang, D.; Wang, R. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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This paper presents the progress of many recently correlative research works on the heat pump water heater (HPWH) and on solar-assisted heat pump water heaters. The advances in the research on compressor development, alternative refrigerant technology for a compressor HPWH are separately summarized. A new study on frosting/defrosting of an air source heat pump water heater (ASHPWH) is also discussed. The trends of some new technologies of HPWH are analyzed.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5471

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-309.pdf (355.7Kb)

Advancing Equipment Reliability via a Natural Disaster Opportunities for Thinking Outside the Box

Stephens, R. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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Abstract:

In 1991, the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) introduced “Eco- Efficiency” as a management strategy to link financial and environmental performance to create more value with less ecological impact. Based on this strategy, CETAC-WEST (Canadian Environmental Technology Advancement Corporation - West), in mid-2000, introduced a practical approach to eco-efficiency to Western Canada's upstream oil and gas sector. The CETAC-WEST Eco-Efficiency Program, focused primarily on sour gas processing facilities, has developed methods and programs to identify opportunities for energy conservation and GHG reductions. The program outlined in this paper consists of four interrelated phases that are used to identify and track efficiency opportunities as well as promote the use of energy efficient methodologies and technologies. If, as program results suggest, 15% to 20% of the gas that is now consumed at by plant operations can be saved through efficiencies, it would save $500 to $700 million worth of gas for sale on the market. Although this small Pilot Program in the gas processing sector has surfaced major opportunities, there are significantly greater opportunities in other sectors with high GHG emissions intensity, such as sweet gas processing, conventional oil, heavy oil and oil sands. Capturing these opportunities will require a carefully considered strategy. This strategy should include, in addition to commitments for expanding the scope of the current Program, sustained leadership by industry champions and by governments - all aimed at changing the operating mode and improving the culture in the oil and gas industry.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5619

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IE-06-05-05.pdf (442.7Kb)

Advantages of Financing Continuous Commissioning® as an Energy Conservation Retrofit Measure

Wei, G.; Verdict, M.; Martinez, J. T. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2005)

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URI: http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5106

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-05-10-14.pdf (549.6Kb)

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