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Accounting for the Occupancy Variable in Inverse Building Energy Baselining Models

Claridge, D. E. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2001)

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The occupancy factor is often underestimated in inverse modeling of building energy use, or accounted for by grouping the daily data in occupied and unoccupied groups which are modeled separately. For instance, in institutional buildings it is common to identify "weekdays/weekends", "semester breaks", and "holidays" daytypes. In order to develop one model that accounts for all periods, i.e., occupied and unoccupied, at an hourly time scale, a dummy variable (regressor) can be used. The dummy variable is often used in a simplified way; for instance, having a value of 0 between 8:00 AM and 5:00 PM, and 1 between 5:00 PM and 8:00 AM, for an office building. In this paper, the effect of using different alternatives in accounting for the occupancy variable in inverse modeling of building energy use is investigated, and the resulting uncertainty in the predictions, using the SMLP inverse method are presented.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5161

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-01-07-29.pdf (559.7Kb)

Achieving Better Building Performance and Savings Using Optimal Control Strategies

Chen, H.; Deng, S.; Bruner, H. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2003)

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The Continuous Commissioning (CCSM) process has become a very important energy conservation topic for new and existing commercial buildings. This process can yield substantial operating savings, improved indoor air quality, and enhanced occupant comfort. It also provides solutions to reoccurring building maintenance problems. One tool that can be implemented during commissioning work is a nearoptimal global set point method in an Energy Management Control System (EMCS) Direct Digital Controller (DDC). This algorithm is based on mathematical models for the chillers, boilers, chilled and hot water pumps, and air handler fans that relate the power of these components as a function of the chilled water and hot water differential temperature. The algorithm will minimize the total plant power consumption. These optimal control strategies make the CC process more effective. The Texas A&M University Systems State Headquarters is an office building, with a total floor area of approximately 123,960 ft2. An integrated commissioning of the HVAC systems was performed for this building. This paper describes the commissioning activities and demonstrates how newly developed optimized control strategies improved the building comfort conditions and reduced utility costs during and after the commissioning period.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5200

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-03-10-08.pdf (905.6Kb)

Achieving High Chilled Water Delta T Without Blending Station

Wang, Z.; Wang, G.; Xu, K.; Yu, Y.; Liu, M. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2007)

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Typically a blending station is designed to ensure that its user is able to avoid low chilled water return temperature in the district cooling system. When the chilled water return temperature drops to a low limit, building return water is blended into building supply water to reduce primary chilled water flow and finally increase building chilled water return. However, the blending station will cause extra pump power and may cause humidity and temperature issues. Theoretical analysis has been conducted on the blending station performance. The results show that the blending station is not necessary in the building chilled water systems with 2-way modulation valves at end users. Actually the end user valve configuration and control mainly impacts building chilled water temperature. As soon as the water flow control is improved, the chilled water return temperature can be controlled without the blending stations. This paper presents actual system operation data and optimal control measures at three buildings which receive chilled water from a district cooling system.

URI:

http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/6225

Files in this item: 2

ESL-IC-07-11-26a.pdf (358.8Kb)

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Activities of Building Commissioning in Japan

Yanagihara, R. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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URI: http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5490

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-327.pdf (739.4Kb)
Advanced Control Technologies and Strategies Linking Demand Response and Energy Efficiency

Kiliccote, S.; Piette, M. A. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2005)

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URI: http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5150

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-05-10-53.pdf (1.209Mb)

An Advanced Solar-Powered Rotary Solid Adsorption Refrigerator with High Performance

Zheng, A.; Gu, J. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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In this paper, according to practical consideration, a new solar powered rotary solid adsorption refrigerator system adopting activated carbon fibre + ethanol as its adsorption pair has been designed with higher performance. Moreover, the principle of the refrigeration cycle, different components of the machine, selection of working pairs and feasible theory analysis of the refrigeration system all have been presented in detail. In addition, it shows that the new refrigerator has many great advantages including a simple structure, fast refrigeration, higher thermodynamic coefficient, friendly to the atmospheric environment, etc. This paper explains that the refrigerating process is constant, which has a promising potential for competing the 'intermittent' cycle reported before. Through improving the refrigerant performance of heat and mass transfer in the adsorbent bed, the refrigeration cycle has been advanced from the aspect of utilization of the thermal energy from low-temperature level resources. In addition, it is shown that the commercial solar powered refrigerator will be existent in the near future.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5445

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-287.pdf (476.6Kb)

Advance of Systematic Design Methods on Fuzzy Control

Zhang, J.; Chen, Y. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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The heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system possesses some characteristics such as multi-parameters, nonlinear, and coupled parameters. Aimed at control problems, the author targets real-time fuzzy control and research systematically via the fuzzification method, fuzzy inference method, fuzzy control rules online obtaining and optimizing method, self-organizing fuzzy control method, and fuzzy predictive control of a time-delayed process. This paper will briefly introduce previous research results.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5297

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-153.pdf (360.7Kb)

Advances in the Research of Heat Pump Water Heaters

Shan, S.; Wang, D.; Wang, R. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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This paper presents the progress of many recently correlative research works on the heat pump water heater (HPWH) and on solar-assisted heat pump water heaters. The advances in the research on compressor development, alternative refrigerant technology for a compressor HPWH are separately summarized. A new study on frosting/defrosting of an air source heat pump water heater (ASHPWH) is also discussed. The trends of some new technologies of HPWH are analyzed.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5471

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-309.pdf (355.7Kb)

Advantages of Financing Continuous Commissioning® as an Energy Conservation Retrofit Measure

Wei, G.; Verdict, M.; Martinez, J. T. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2005)

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URI: http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5106

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-05-10-14.pdf (549.6Kb)

Agent Technology to Improve Building Energy Efficiency and Occupant Comfort

Zeiler, W.; van Houten, R.; Kamphuis, R.; Hommelberg, M. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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Abstract:

Global warming, caused largely by energy consumption, has become a major problem. During the last decades the introduction of energy saving technologies has strongly reduced energy consumption of buildings. Users' preferences and behavior have become central to building services control strategies. Achieving synergy between end users and buildings is the ultimate in intelligent comfort control. This new comfort control technology, based on use of the latest ICT development in agent technology, can further reduce energy consumption of buildings. This paper reviews Multi-Agent Intelligent Internet-mediated control strategies and combines the most useful insights into a new technology called Forgiving Agent Comfort Technology (FACT). The University of Technology Eindhoven is developing this FACT technology further into a new concept.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5522

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-05.pdf (739.8Kb)

Airborne Particulate Matter in HVAC Systems and its Influence on Indoor Air Quality

Fu, Z.; Li, N.; Wang, H. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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This paper first reviews the mechanisms governing movement of PMs in HVAC systems. Then, the basic equations governing PM deposition in ducts are introduced and investigations on airborne PMs distribution in HVAC systems are reviewed. The influence of PMs on indoor air quality and effectiveness of corresponding controlling measures is discussed extensively in the paper. Finally, recommendations for further research are given.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5270

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-12.pdf (418.5Kb)

Air Conditioning Cold/Heat Source Analysis of the Inclusion of the Monetary Values of Environmental Damage Based on the LCA Theory

Li, Z.; Duanmu, L.; Shu, H.; Zhu, Y. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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This is an analysis of the effect on the technical solutions when monetary values of externalities are included in a model for selecting air conditioning cold/heat sources. The focus of the study is on heating and cooling using conventional and seawater source heat pump systems. The included monetary values of damage to the environment and health are those result-ing from atmospheric emissions and water-body toxic-ity. An environmental impact assessment model is pre-sented based on the theories of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Willingness - to - pay (WTP). The analysis makes it possible to compare the technical and eco-nomic differences of the air conditioning system based on business economics to a system with greater empha-sis on socio-economics. This model is applied to assess the environmental impacts of two systems. The results show that by considering externality costs, the total discounted cost of the new system would be approxi-mately equal to the conventional one.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5404

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-249.pdf (376.3Kb)

Air Distribution and Microenvironment Evaluation of a Desktop Task Conditioning System

Zheng, G. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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Task conditioning aims to provide each occupant with personalized clean air direct to the breathing zone. The microenvironment of a typical office workplace, consisting of two desktop task conditioning systems (a Horizontal Desk Grill (HDG) and Vertical Desk Grill (VDG)) were studied by numerical simulation. Numerical simulation by k- 3-D turbulent flow was separately conducted to study the influence of supply velocity on the microenvironment of these two desktop task conditioning systems. Three task conditioning velocities were studied. Temperature and velocity distribution, Draught Rating (DR) and Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied (PPD) of the room and workstation were applied to study the performance of task air conditioning. Results show that the performances of HDG and VDG are almost the same. Results also show that task conditioning can provide excellent working environment when supply velocity is well designed. The supply velocity of task conditioning can be set between 0.8-1.0 m/s. However, task conditioning may cause draught, and engineers should seriously consider this problem. The results can provide important references for design and optimization of the task conditioning system.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5414

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-25.pdf (3.320Mb)

Air Flow Distribution in the Sales Area of a Supermarket

Fang, X.; Song, C.; Zhao, J.; Wang, Z. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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Many kinds of goods are displayed in a supermarket, which have their own particularities. The consumer flow rate is great and the type of shelved goods varies significantly, thereby influencing the objects that generate heat, and the demands of air temperature, air velocity and humidity in different zones. The results of a study of a sales area of a supermarket in Harbin are presented in this paper, including air temperature, air velocity and humidity. According to the assessment index of air flow distribution (EDT, ADPI, temperature efficiency, energy coefficient of utilization, coefficient of ununiformity and so on), the experimental data were analyzed. The rationality of airflow distribution was then evaluated. Suggestions for air conditioning system design are also presented in this paper.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5370

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-21.pdf (728.3Kb)

Airflow Simulation and Energy Analysis in Ventilated Room with a New Type of Air Conditioning

Liu, D.; Tang, G.; Zhao, F. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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Airflow simulation in one ventilated room with radiant heating and natural ventilation has been carried out. Three cases are compared: the closed room, the room with full openings, and the room with small openings. The radiator heating room with small openings is recommended. The airflow and thermal comfort are discussed for the last case. It is suitable for two kinds of civil buildings, housing buildings and office buildings, which take up the largest part of all functional buildings.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5556

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-89.pdf (154.2Kb)

Air Handling Unit Supply Air Temperature Optimization During Economizer Cycles

Xu, K.; Liu, M.; Wang, G.; Wang, Z. (Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu)Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu), 2007)

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Most air handling units (AHUs) in commercial buildings have an air economizer cycle for free cooling under certain outside air conditions. During the economizer cycle, the outside air and return air dampers are modulated to seek mixing air temperature at supply air temperature setpoint. Mechanical cooling is always required when outside air temperature is higher than the supply air temperature setpoint. Generally the supply air temperature setpoint is set at 55°F for space humidity control. Actually the dehumidification is not necessary when outside air dew point is less than 55°F. Meanwhile the space may have less cooling load due to envelope heat loss and/or occupant schedule. These provide an opportunity to use higher supply air temperature to reduce or eliminate mechanical cooling and terminal box reheat. On the other hand the higher supply air temperature will require higher air flow as well as higher fan power. Therefore the supply air temperature has to be optimized to minimize the combined energy for fan, cooling and heating energy. In this paper a simple energy consumption model is established for AHU systems during the economizer and then a optimal supply air temperature control is developed to minimize the total cost of the mechanical cooling and the fan motor power. This paper presents AHU system energy modeling, supply air temperature optimization, and simulated energy savings.

URI:

http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/6248

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-07-11-06.pdf (884.2Kb)

The Analysis and Assessment on Heating Energy Consumption of SAT

Zhang, J. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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The article introduced the fuel-energy consumption and outdoor temperatures of three heating terms from year 1999 to 2002 of SAT's fuel-boiler heating system. It demonstrated the relationship between the consumption and the temperatures by using the regression analysis method. It also calculated the economization of the fuel, introduced the methods of economizing fuel and, made an assessment on it.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5280

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-138.pdf (377.2Kb)

Analysis and Evaluation For Equipment Performance by Surface Measurement

Ishizuka, K.; Aizawa, N.; Shibata, K.; Yonezawa, H.; Yamada, S. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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Many building owners and facility managers are deeply interested in both operation and maintenance costs related to a building's life cycle. Optimizing energy consumption and obtaining long equipment activity requires sophisticated management. If the data needed for this management are unavailable, then measures must be taken to augment them. We were able to lower power consumption in heat source equipment by ap-proximately 12% by means of analysis and evaluations as well as using optimum measurement features that al-low measuring operation data without stopping opera-tion of surface measurement equipment. More cost-effective renewal plans and designs were achieved by proposing equipment specifications based on the cooling and heating load during operation.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5324

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-178.pdf (586.1Kb)

Analysis and Research on the Thermal Properties of Energy-efficient Building Glass: A Case Study in PVB Laminated Glass

Chen, Z.; Meng, Q. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2006)

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A new kind of PVB-laminated glass is introduced as an energy-efficient building glass. Based on tests and calculations of the shading coefficients of flat glass, LOW-E coated glass and PVB-laminated glass with different thickness, their effects on room base temperature and cooling load of the residential buildings in the hot-summer-warm-winter zone are simulated and analyzed. Compared with flat glass, the PVB laminated glass shields 44 percent of the solar radiation from entering the room and reduces 40 percent of the shading coefficient. At the same time, 28 percent of the cooling load, 21 percent of installed capacity and 8.6 percent of full-load operation time can be saved.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5521

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-06-11-58.pdf (436.7Kb)

An Analysis Method for Operations of Hot Water Heaters by Artificial Neural Networks

Yamaha, M.; Takahashi, M. (Energy Systems Laboratory (http://esl.tamu.edu)Texas A&M University (http://www.tamu.edu), 2004)

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Authors tried to apply an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to estimation of state of building systems. The systems used in this study were gas combustion water heaters. Empirical equations to estimate gas consumption from measureble properies such as exhaust gas temperature and electric current were obtained from experiments. Some operational modes, which were hot water supply, additional combustion to keep water temperature in bathtub, and anti-frozen heater for plumbing, were needed to be identified. Electric currents, temperature of supply water and exhaust gas had been measured as operational indices. ANN was applied to identify modes automatically using learning algorism. The modes were porperly identified and gas consumption was estimated in practical accuracy.

URI:

http://handle.tamu.edu/1969.1/5035

Files in this item: 1

ESL-IC-04-10-11.pdf (528.1Kb)

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